Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum) has a long history of traditional use for treating symptoms associated with fevers, colds, and flu, but it should be approached with caution due to safety concerns. The name boneset comes from its use in treating “breakbone fever,” an old name for dengue fever, which caused severe muscle and bone aches. While traditional applications focus on stimulating the immune system and promoting sweating, modern scientific evidence is limited and recommends careful use.
Disclaimer: Due to potential toxicity and the presence of liver-damaging alkaloids, Boneset is not recommended for internal use without expert medical supervision.
Traditional and historical uses
Historically, boneset was used by Native Americans and early American settlers for a variety of conditions, often prepared as a hot, bitter tea.
Fever and flu: As a diaphoretic, it was used to induce sweating to “break” fevers and alleviate the aches and pains associated with influenza and dengue fever.
Respiratory ailments: It was used as an expectorant to help loosen mucus and clear congestion in the chest and sinuses.
Immune stimulation: Early herbalists used boneset as an immune stimulant to help the body fight off minor viral and bacterial infections.
Digestive aid: Its bitter properties were traditionally thought to stimulate digestion, though large doses were known to cause vomiting.
Modern scientific perspective
Scientific evidence for the safety and effectiveness of boneset is limited, and most studies are either lab-based (in vitro) or preliminary.
Antiviral and immune properties: Some in vitro studies suggest that boneset may stimulate immune cell function and inhibit influenza viruses by preventing them from attaching to host cells.
Anti-inflammatory effects: Preclinical studies indicate that certain compounds in boneset may have anti-inflammatory effects.
Lack of clinical evidence: There are insufficient clinical trials to confirm the effectiveness of boneset for treating colds, flu, or other conditions in humans.
Safety concerns and precautions
Due to its chemical composition, boneset carries significant health risks and should not be used without medical consultation.
Liver damage: Boneset contains potentially toxic compounds called pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). While some sources claim the levels are minimal in Eupatorium perfoliatum, others warn that PAs can cause serious liver damage, especially with long-term use.
Gastrointestinal issues: Ingesting large doses can cause severe diarrhea and vomiting.
Allergic reactions: Individuals with allergies to plants in the Asteraceae/Compositae family, such as ragweed, daisies, and marigolds, may experience an allergic reaction.
Pregnancy and breastfeeding: Boneset is considered possibly unsafe for pregnant or breastfeeding women and should be avoided.
Drug interactions: Boneset may interact with medications broken down by the liver. Consultation with a healthcare provider is essential.